Empirical Evidence of the Metacognitive Model of Rumination and Depression in Clinical and Nonclinical Samples: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract Rumination is considered a cognitive vulnerability factor in the development and maintenance of depression. The metacognitive model rumination depression suggests that its association with partly depends on beliefs. Two beliefs about have been identified: positive utility negative uncontrollability social consequences. We conducted systematic review meta-analysis aimed: (1) to analyze associations between depression; (2) test model, using Two-Stage Structural Equation Modeling approach (TSSEM). Literature search retrieved 41 studies. These studies ( N = 10,607) were included narrative synthesis meta-analysis, 16 4477) comprised for TSSEM. Results indicated are associated Measures showed moderate r 0.50), low 0.27); whereas both 0.46) 0.49). results consistent across different instruments measure beliefs, clinical nonclinical samples. Moreover, TSSEM analyses had good fit. In sum, our line depression, highlighting relevant factors understand why people ruminate get depressed. Future directions implications discussed.